On the Religious Foundation of Society

Freud’s “Future of an Illusion” is not usually treated as a seminal work of political philosophy. It is usually treated as a text which raises questions concerning God’s existence. However, his theory concerning the origin of humankind’s ideas of God are closely intertwined with his theory of the origin of society. Further, his ideas concerning…

Why “Beyond”?

Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil, is as the full title would have it, a prelude to a philosophy of the future. In it, Nietzsche tells us of a future reality which he believed was coming soon. A future where free-spirited philosophers[1] would break through an age-old prejudice and go beyond good and evil. Naturally, the…

All Creation Groans

The question of suffering and prosperity has been an ongoing discussion within Christianity for many centuries. In fact, Christianity itself may seem to revolve around these themes, since many of the books contained in the Bible, such as Job in the Old Testament and the Gospels of the New, deal so heavily with both. More…

Kant: Autonomy as the Center of Aesthetic Judgement

Kant’s focus on autonomy lends to his aesthetics a peculiar quality quite different from any other, at least in his day. Kant, studying in university during the 18th century, no doubt came into contact with those great intellectual influences of his time, the philosophies of Leibniz and Wolff. However, despite the impact and extreme popularity…

Maimonides: Attribution and God

In The Guide of the Perplexed, Maimonides concerns himself with our language about God. He is determined that nearly all of our ways of speaking about God are, as he puts it, inadmissible. That is, our attributions of God almost always fails to arrive at an accurate description or portrayal of God’s actual nature. However,…

Epictetus: Living Life Within Your Power

Our many roles in life have a profound effect on how we live our life. From a very practical perspective, we see that they direct our conduct toward others and make our goals clear to us. The ancient philosopher Epictetus (55 C.E.) knew very well the importance of roles to one’s life and, consequently, incorporated…

The Faith of Socrates in The Phaedo

The Phaedo holds within its pages the account of the death of Socrates as told by a Pythagorean, which is then further retold by the greatest student and admirer of Socrates, Plato. Thus, since this account has gone through the hands of so many men, there is a degree of doubt as to the authenticity…